Water resources of Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyzstan Research
The water resources on territory of Kyrgyzstan are allocated extremely non-uniformly and are concentrated basically in the not yet lived-in and economically underdeveloped areas. From common stocks of river waters - 46,8 km3 - only 10 % is used in republic, others 90 % leave for its limits. On the average on 1km2 of the area of Kyrgyzstan it is necessary 236 thousand m3 of water per one year. Most supplied is Naryn area, where the water stocks on 1 km2 on the average make 408 000 m3. Issyk-Kul bolson on the average year receives 102 000 m3 on 1 km2 of the area. In Chu to a valley and Osh area, where 78,8 % of the population of republic are concentrated, 49,8 % of total size of water resources settles down only. Batken and some areas of Chu and Talas of valleys, and also western part of Issyk-Kul bolson concern to least water maintenance to areas of republic.
On character of an orientation of water balance and genesis of a river drain the territory of re-public can be divided on 2 hydrological areas - area of formation and area of dispersion of a drain. The mountain raisings slopes mountain ranges, described by positive water balance concern to area of for-mation of a drain, where the anthropogenous factors yet do not render on this balance of appreciable influence. The arrival of a moisture prevails here above its losses, that promotes education of a drain. The rivers in the field of formation of a drain, as a rule, are characterized large slopes, rough current and have by high potential energy. The area of dispersion of a drain settles down below than formation, surrounding bottom of mountain education and borrowing territories under mounting of loops and plains. Deposits here drops out much less, than in mountains, and the evaporation - is more. Therefore education of a local superficial drain here is limited. Besides the significant part of a transit drain acting here from mountains, is lost on leaking in friable adjournment of cone subtraction of the rivers, and also is spent on advanced here spraying. The foothill loops are a zone of the basic feed of underground waters of intermountain hollows. In so-called " to a zone of dying out " of underground waters of foot-hill plains the level of earth waters comes nearer to a surface; interstratial underground waters quite often have here pressure. Thereof in a zone the return process of water exchange is observed and the rivers receive an additional earth feed ; quite often here are formed so-called "Kara-Suu". The rivers and streams with a prevailing earth feed (?. Red in Chu to a valley). After an output from mountains of the river get more flat slopes and quiet current, lose the energy and begin to deposit the products, brought from mountains, of erosive activity.
Main water through-passage of Kyrgyzstan belonging to pool of Syrdariy, its right component ? is. Naryn, formed from merge Large and Small Naryn. Length Naryn river within the limits of Kyrgyzstan of 535 km, that makes 27 % of territory of republic.
The most part of territory of Northern Kyrgyzstan is borrowed by pool Chu, having within the limits of republic of 221 km. The river is formed from merge of the rivers Kochkor and Goon-Aryk in Kochkor to a hollow.
In Kyrgyzstan 1923 lakes with the general area of a mirror 6836 ??2 are totaled. Three largest lakes of Kyrgyzstan are Issyk-sack, Sonkul and Chatyr-Kul. On the origin and on features of morphology all lakes it is possible to divided on four groups: tectonic, glycion,, blockage and hydrogenous.
Three largest lakes of Kyrgyzstan - Issyk-sack, Sonkul and Chatyr-Kul fill in hollows tectonic of an origin. The lake a Issyk-sack is largest inland by a reservoir of Central Asia on volume of water (1738 ??3) and second after the Aral sea on the area of a mirror (6236 ??2). It fills tectonic in a hollow be-tween Kungei range and Teskei is scarlet - ??? and has length of 178 km, greatest width - 60 km. The greatest depth of lake 668 m, average depth of 278 m. The level of water in lake last century is lowered on the average on 6 - 7 sm. per one year, that is connected, apparently, to the unsteady water balance. The level of water has also seasonal fluctuations. The lake in the winter does not freeze, except for shallow gulfs. Temperature of water changes from 240? in the summer up to 40? in the winter. The lake is inland and also has raised (increased) salt content of water.
The second-largest high-mountainous lake Sonkul has a mark of a level 3016 ?, area of a mirror of 275 km 2, maximal depth 15,1 ? and volume of water 2,82 ??3. Water in Lake Fresh . The lake small riv-ers, flowing down with environmental mountains eats. From lake follows Kadgetry river, running in Naryn river. Freezeup on lake keeps on the average from the end of September up to the end of June.
The lake Chatyr-Kul is third on size. A mark of its mirror 3530 ?, area 175 ??2, prevailing depths 2 - 3 m. The lake several small rivers eats, the outflow from it is absent. The most part of year the lake is covered with ice. Water in lake is salt.
The greatest distribution in Kyrgyzstan have glycion lakes located in a mountain zone within the limits of heights 2500 - 4000 m. The lakes these were formed as a result of activity of glaciers and have the usually rather small sizes; water in them fresh.
Goaf sides of lake were formed at blockages of river valleys by mountain collapses and landslips. The lakes of this group are located, as a rule, in average mountain to a zone. This group of lakes is not nu-merous and is submitted rather large lirnnetic by reservoirs, such as lakes Sary-Chelek, Kara-Suu, Ku-lun etc. From group hydrogenous of lakes are most distributed so-called collapsed of lake, bolson that are insignificant, are superficial and are obliged by the origin to action of underground waters. The lakes these are most typical for of a zone eternal frost.
From all lakes of Kyrgyzstan the greatest economic importance has a Issyk-sack. On lake the naviga-tion is advanced. The gulfs and mouth of the rivers running into lake, are places of spawning of a lake fish, including such valuable breeds, as a trout and osman. A Issyk-sack and it bolson, having favorable natural and balneological by conditions, are by a resort zone. Here there is a large number of resorts, sanatoriums, houses of rest, children's camps etc. medicinal-improving and tourist establishments.
Bogs. In Kyrgyzstan borrow all about 0,5 % of territory. They are allocated usually small spots on valleys of the rivers, on under mountain to valleys, at soles of cones of subtraction - there, where (ranges of high-mountainous lakes a Issyk-sack, Sonkul, valley of the rivers Chu, Talas, Naryn from them channels, system of the rivers Suusamyr, Gdumgal, Kochkor etc., and also szyrts) close approach to a surface earth waters.
Kyrgyzstan is mountain country. The most part of its territory is area of formation of a drain of the largest rivers of Central Asia - Syrdaria, Chu, Talas etc., which is widely used for spraying of agricultural cultures not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The rivers of Kyrgyzstan have vast potential power resources, which serve base of creation of power system of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Thus, the water resources of the rivers of Kyrgyzstan have interrepub-lican meaning.